FGF23 and atrial fibrillation: For instance, renal dysfunction typically involves electrolyte and pH abnormalities such as hyperkalaemia and metabolic acidosis, as well as the accumulation of uremic toxins such as indoxyl sulfate and fibroblast growth factor-23, all of which promote arrhythmogenicity.23 Ablation of LVAs with high arrhythmogenicity may have an impact on reducing AF recurrence after catheter ablation.