Furthermore, neurobiological factors such as neurotransmitter imbalances [34,35], decreased levels of growth hormone [36], structural brain changes [37], and inflammatory responses [38] have also been closely linked to the comorbidity of epilepsy and depression [30] Given the current lack of awareness and the low diagnostic rate of this comorbidity in clinical practice [25], we combined SEEG data from our hospital to develop a predictive model for the risk of developing comorbid depression in epilepsy, aiming to improve the identification and management of this patient population. Here, GH1 is linked to depressive disorder.