Probiotics havebeen genetically modified to express a range of compounds, such asbacterial toxins, RNAi, small molecules, immunomodulating peptides,and other enzyme products that act as prodrugs., A popular example is the generation of insulin in Escherichia coli bacteria for diabetes treatment.In this case, E. coli was not directlyused as a carrier for insulin but as a “biofactory”intended to produce substantial amounts of insulin. Here, INS is linked to diabetes mellitus.