More recently, in vivo administration of MVs from F. duncaniae has been shown to attenuate DSS-induced colitis in mice by modulating the intestinal mucosal barrier by increasing zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and occludin protein levels and increasing the ratio of CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ Tregs in colonic tissue.109 Further research is still required to identify the specific components of MVs responsible for mediating the observed intestinal anti-inflammatory effects. The gene discussed is CD4; the disease is colitis.