CSF2 and neoplasm: Indeed, irradiated tumor cells engineered to produce the cytokine GM-CSF [5, 6] induce long-lasting protective immunity with prolonged survival in murine tumors, including melanoma, sarcoma, leukemia, lymphoma, neuroblastoma, glioblastoma, and many carcinomas, such as those of the lung, ovary, stomach, liver, breast, colon, urothelial, and kidney.