A compensatory increase in axonal mitochondria numbers is described in response to demyelination (axonal response of mitochondria to demyelination – ARMD)35,36, and this axonal mitochondrial number increase can be further boosted by pioglitazone treatment, another drug used in type II diabetes, but working through the PPAR-γ pathway35. The gene discussed is PPARG; the disease is age-related macular degeneration.