CD8A and neoplasm: To exclude the possibility that TANs are activated solely by CpG molecules, we intratumorally injected MOPC-bearing mice with CpG versus CpG-Stat3ASO (Supplementary Fig. 6d) and showed that the arrested tumor growth together with enriched immunostimulatory TANs and highly cytotoxic CD8+ T cell populations in the TME were not influenced by CpG but were unique to CpG-Stat3ASO treatment (Supplementary Fig. 6e–g).