MMP1 and colonic neoplasm: While other CTAs exhibit diverse oncogenic mechanisms across malignancies, such as SPAG9 driving prostate cancer progression via MAPK signaling, HSP70-2 promoting ovarian cancer growth and invasion, or CAGE enhancing autophagosome/spheroid formation in colon cancer through the CAGE-miR-140-5p-Wnt1 axis [16], SPANXB1 promotes BCBM through MMP1 regulation.