NLRC4 and shigellosis: Mice lacking NAIP–NLRC4 and Caspase-11 (Nlrc4−/−Casp11−/−) thus recapitulate the lack of inflammasome responses in human IECs, and represent the only genetically tractable animal model that exhibits all the key manifestations of human shigellosis, including oral infection, efficient bacterial replication in IECs, diarrhea that can be bloody, and neutrophilic inflammation16.