TNF and chronic kidney disease: Several animal studies[7, 8] have also indicated that local inflammation negatively influenced AVF remodeling, especially under chronic kidney diseases (CKD) condition.[9] For the mechanisms, including macrophage migration inhibitory factor,[10] vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs),[11] and inflammatory cytokines (TNF‐α[12]/TGF‐β[13]) have been referred.