MAPK1 and neoplasm: Biochemically, BF’s inhibition of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK cascade occurred at multiple regulatory nodes, as evidenced by: [1] suppression of pathway phosphorylation events in tumor tissues [2], reduced cytoplasmic/nuclear p-ERK1/2 translocation, and [3] attenuated RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling output in EGFR-overexpressing cells.