HAMP and infection: 151 This suggests that providing iron interventions without first treating the infection will not address anaemia and routine iron supplementation may be potentially harmful in malaria-endemic settings.152,153 Treatment of malaria including asymptomatic cases can substantially reduce inflammation and hepcidin concentrations, increasing iron absorption, and reducing iron deficiency and anaemia (appendix p. 29).153 Therefore, integrated control strategies targeting both malaria and anaemia are essential in endemic settings.