Chronic inflammation may arise from existing comorbidities, such as rheumatoid arthritis or advanced cancers, infections and, to some extent, from ageing itself (“inflammaging”).201 Elderly people with chronic inflammation exhibit elevated hepcidin levels causing functional ID as discussed above.202 Impaired renal function and CKD impairs erythropoietin production, which can also drive anaemia. This evidence concerns the gene HAMP and anemia.