VEGFC and Alzheimer disease: For example, a Finnish scientific team demonstrated that genetic manipulation of dura mater lymphatics in AD mice, through either atrophy or expansion of meningeal lymphatic vessels (dLVs) using VEGF-C/VEGF-D traps or VEGF-C overexpression, affected cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage but did not alter the brain’s Aβ plaque load or behavioral phenotypes (84).