DDIT3 and ischemic stroke: This inhibits the activity of pro-apoptotic factors such as JNK and C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP), and downregulates the levels of caspase-9 and caspase-3, thereby inhibiting apoptosis of cortical penumbra neurons induced by ER stress and alleviating paralysis or spasticity after ischemic stroke (Zhang Y. et al., 2023).