TGFB1 and Myocardial fibrosis: GXD down-regulates the expression of NF-κB target cytokines such as TNF-α, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and inhibits the TGFβ1/Smads signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting myocardial type I and type II collagen synthesis and attenuating the cardiac injury cuase by myocardial fibrosis (274, 275) (Figure 5, Table 1).