In addition, the activation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB can induce the transcription of chemokines [monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1)], cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6), and MMPs, and these transcriptionally increased factors greatly contribute to the process of myocardial inflammation and fibrosis through multiple pathways (168). This evidence concerns the gene CCL2 and inflammatory response.