TNF and neoplasm: Aging immune cells also promote tumor metabolic reprogramming via cytokines and secreted factors: Senescent immune or stromal cells secrete pro-inflammatory SASP factors (e.g., IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, CXCL1), activating STAT3 and NF-κB pathways in tumor cells (Fitsiou et al., 2022).