TGFB1 and neoplasm: For example, regulatory T cells (Tregs) can suppress the tumor-killing activity of CD8+ T cells (Noyes et al., 2022; Zhou et al., 2024), while M2-type tumor-associated macrophages promote tumor immune evasion by secreting immunosuppressive factors (IL-10, TGF-β) and facilitating angiogenesis and matrix remodeling (Shapouri-Moghaddam et al., 2018).