AKT1 and Insulin resistance: In response to extracellular stimuli (e.g., insulin resistance), PI3K phosphorylates phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), producing phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3), which leads to AKT translocation and activation, catalyzed by phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDK1) (80).