FOXO3 and diabetic kidney disease: This review explores the relationship between Magnesium and DKD, examining how Magnesium mitigates oxidative stress through the PI3K/AKT/FoxO3a pathway, inhibits ferroptosis in renal tubular epithelial cells via the AMPK/FoxO3a/Nrf2 pathway, and reduces autophagy and apoptosis, thereby delaying DKD progression.