PTGS2 and Parkinson disease: This dual nature highlights the complexity of targeting the COX-LOX axis therapeutically: while inhibition of COX-2 has shown neuroprotective effects in preclinical PD models, clinical outcomes with COX inhibitors have been inconsistent, possibly due to interference with beneficial lipid mediators or compensatory pathway activation (Mukhopadhyay et al., 2023; Agrawal, 2025).