NFKB1 and cancer: Cancer drug resistance primarily arises from genetic mutations and epigenetic modifications, which activate pro-survival pathways such as NF-κB, MAPK, and PI3K/AKT.78–80 Nanomedicine has shown tremendous potential in overcoming this challenge by delivering gene-silencing agents, such as siRNA, miRNA mimics, or antisense oligonucleotides, which precisely target these resistance mechanisms.81 By inhibiting the expression of resistance-related genes, nanocarriers can resensitize cancer cells to conventional therapies.