PDCD1 and neoplasm: In the NCT02410733 trial, an off-the-shelf RNA-lipoplex vaccine targeting shared melanoma antigens elicited robust CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses, particularly when combined with anti-PD-1 therapy.101 Additional trials, including NCT03289962, NCT03815058, and NCT04486378, have explored personalized RNA-lipoplexes tailored to each patient's tumor-specific mutations.