While specific therapies for refractory shock are missing, just recently dipeptidyl peptidase 3 (DPP3) has been validated as a druggable biotarget: DPP3 is an intracellular aminopeptidase and is released upon cell death – like in sepsis and AMI and degrades angiotensin II (Ang2) and related peptides, disrupts the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) and thereby perpetuates shock.4, 5. The gene discussed is DPP3; the disease is Sepsis.