Among the six CAZy enzyme families, the Carbohydrate-binding module (CBMs), Glycosyl Transferases (GTs), Carbohydrate esterases (CEs), and Polysaccharide Lyases (PLs) families were significantly upregulated in the T2DM group, indicating significant changes in carbohydrate metabolism (Figure 1G). Here, CTSC is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.