Increased expression and release of HMGB1 in kidneys subjected to unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) have been shown to promote interstitial fibrosis by inducing M1 macrophage polarization; conversely, blocking HMGB1 release or counteracting its function alleviates inflammation and fibrosis [251, 278]. The gene discussed is HMGB1; the disease is Ureteral obstruction.