TNF and pemphigus foliaceus: During EMT, endothelial cells secrete a range of cytokines, such as TGF-β, VEGF, and TNF-α, which further facilitate the EMT and neovascularization of peritoneal mesothelial cells, thereby accelerating the progression of PF (Liu et al. 2015; Strippoli et al. 2016; Lu et al. 2023).