EIF2AK3 and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Wolcott-Rallison syndrome (WRS) is a rare, autosomal recessive disorder resulting from mutation in EIF2AK3. While the specific mutational event varies across families, these patients lack either partial or complete EIF2AK3 catalytic activity resulting in neonatal or early infancy type 1 diabetes, epiphyseal dysplasia, growth retardation, and osteoporosis.47–49 Liu et al. conducted a study analyzing how different single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the EIF2AK3 gene impact bone mineral density (BMD) in two distinct populations.