CD4 and infection: Does not induce a proinflammatory response in vaginal epithelial cells (Ilhan et al. 2020, Segui-Perez et al. 2024), but stimulates dendritic cells toward Th1 polarization (van Teijlingen et al. 2020). Increases HIV-1 uptake in Langerhans cells and DCs (Van Teijlingen et al. 2022) and infection in CD4 + T cells (van Teijlingen et al. 2024).