IL1B and gout: This gene had previously been identified in a genome-wide association study of adolescent-onset gout in China.23 The expression of RCOR1 in monocytes is required for induction of IL-1β after exposure to MSU crystals,23 and there are REST transcription factor binding sites in the promoter/enhancer regions of the gout-associated CSF1 and CSF1R loci (CSF1 encodes colony-stimulating factor-1, required for the differentiation of macrophages from monocytes).