AIP and diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study based on data from the U.S. National Health and NHANES reported that, after adjusting for confounders, each 1-unit increase in AIP was associated with a 4.96-fold higher risk of pre-DM and DM in female participants (OR = 4.96; 95% CI: 2.68–9.18), whereas no significant association was observed in male participants (15).