NFKB1 and inflammatory bowel disease: In this study, through comprehensive investigations of gut microbiota, butyrate metabolism, Th17/Treg immune regulation, and NF-κB/IL-6/STAT3 inflammatory signaling in murine models of acute and chronic IBD, we identified therapeutic advantages of microbiota restoration during disease remission—particularly when Th17/Treg ratios are optimally balanced—and highlighted the synergistic role of butyrate.