Enrichment analysis of the lactylation–heart failure subsets (HF1 and HF2), which were delineated by these Lcy-HF genes, indicated that lactylation might modulate cardiomyocyte apoptosis and facilitate cardiac fibrosis by modifying kinases in the MAPK pathway and TGF-β proteins (25, 26). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and heart failure.