In vivo studies have shown that Plinabulin (7 mg/kg) induces M1 polarization in macrophages through the JNK signaling pathway, effectively inhibiting tumor growth in MC38 colon cancer-bearing mice (195).The synthetic retinoid derivative fenretinide demonstrates advantages in chemoprevention, significantly reducing tumor occurrence in APCmin/+ mice by inhibiting STAT6 signaling and decreasing M2 macrophage-driven angiogenesis in tumor tissues (194).Blocking CSF-1/CSF-1R signaling to regulate TAM polarization is a promising therapeutic approach. The gene discussed is MAPK8; the disease is colonic neoplasm.