The modular BsAb platform also permits rapid integration with alternative cytokines (e.g., IL-18, IFN-α), costimulatory molecules (4-1BB, OX40), or nanoparticle-based delivery systems such as microrobots, which show promise in enhancing tumor-targeted drug penetration and overcoming biological barriers (48), enabling tailored combination therapies. This evidence concerns the gene TNFRSF9 and neoplasm.