Mechanistically, HT enhances Nrf2/ARE-driven antioxidant enzymes (SOD, catalase), whereas resveratrol and quercetin cooperatively suppress NADPH oxidase activity (38, 39), collectively disrupting the “oxidative stress—mitochondrial damage—inflammatory amplification—secondary oxidative stress” axis to prevent steatosis-to-MASH transition. This evidence concerns the gene CAT and steatosis.