NFKB1 and viral infectious disease: Alternatively, non-receptor-mediated NF-κB activation pathways involve eIF2α kinases, which are activated by various cell stressors including amino acid starvation (GCN2: general control nonderepressible 2 kinase) [5], ultraviolet irradiation (GCN2) [7], misfolded proteins in the ER (PERK) [5,6], and dsRNA formed during virus infection (PKR) [48], and all inhibit general translation initiation by phosphorylating eIF2α.