While IPF cultures showed enriched interferon signaling, cell cycle regulation, and elevated bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling (with nuclear pSMAD1/5/8 localization), PC19-PF cultures demonstrated enhanced TGF-β1 activity, ECM remodeling, macrophage classical signaling pathway activation, along with the acute phase response signaling pathway, and cytoplasmic pSMAD1/5/8 localization. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.