TNF and viral infectious disease: As shown in Figure 4D,E and Table S6, the upregulated genes were predominantly enriched in the virus infection and a series of immune signaling pathways such as TNF signaling, RIG-I-like receptor signaling, NOD-like receptor signaling, and Toll-like receptor signaling, while the downregulated genes were mainly enriched in the pathways associated with DNA replication, cell cycle, and metabolic processes of fundamental biomolecules in life.