TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: In contrast, obesity is a significant risk factor for cancers like pancreatic, breast, and colorectal, promoting low-grade inflammation, insulin resistance, and disrupted adipokine signalling [138,139], raising pro-inflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and fostering a tumor-protecting microenvironment.