CXCL12 and cancer: Also, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) produce chemokine-driven immune exclusion by secreting C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 12 (CXCL12), chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), and Chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5), which can form physical and chemical gradients that prevent effective infiltration of cytotoxic lymphocytes [92,93].