CASP3 and myocardial ischemia: According to previous studies, borneol has been shown to alleviate myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury by reducing the expression of Bax, Bcl-2, and Caspase-3 in cardiomyocytes [23] and to protect neuronal cells by modulating the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway [24].