Nevertheless, despite substantial advances, the accumulation of data, and the emergence of large-scale integrative studies [5,6], the available evidence remains methodologically heterogeneous: variability persists in cell sources (primary RA-FLSs, HFLS-RA, MH7A), stimulation parameters (TNF-α, IL-1β, LPS), dosage ranges, and analytical time points. Here, TNF is linked to rheumatoid arthritis.