MTOR and rheumatoid arthritis: Similarly, berberine exhibits the ability to inhibit autophagy and induce apoptosis in RA-FLSs via regulation of the ROS-mTOR axis; resveratrol, by blocking PI3K/Akt signaling and reducing cytokine secretion, manifests both antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory effects [47,48], while artesunate suppresses IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 production, acting primarily through inhibition of NF-κB and PI3K/Akt pathways [19].