Observational comparative studies from registries (e.g., Scandinavian National Diabetes Registries, U.S. Optum and Medicare claims databases) have demonstrated that SGLT2i are associated with more consistent reductions in ESKD risk, while GLP-1 RAs show stronger effects on macrovascular outcomes and weight loss, particularly in obese or high-risk patients. The gene discussed is GCG; the disease is diabetes mellitus.