TNF and asthma: In asthma models, HONK reduces airway hyperresponsiveness and lung eosinophilia and decreases pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-6, while increasing regulatory cytokines like IL-10 and TGF-β [28], and shows the potential to modulate the balance between Th17 and Treg cells, reducing the expression of inflammatory markers like TLR4 and NF-κB, which are elevated in asthma [29].