Parenteral iron, which in practice is almost always administered intravenously, is recommended when oral iron is insufficient, such as in cases of significant blood loss (e.g., heavy menstrual bleeding, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia), increased demand during the 2nd and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy, impaired absorption (e.g., post-bariatric surgery, IBD), or conditions with systemic inflammation and elevated hepcidin (e.g., cancer, chemotherapy-induced anemia, CKD) [184]. Here, HAMP is linked to chronic kidney disease.