Figure 4B summarizes the diagnostic methods reported in the 28 publications. A serological study in 365 individuals found no correlation between antibody positivity (anti-PGL-I IgM, anti-LAM-B IgG) and disease prevalence, although 3 of 4 confirmed cases were positive for both antibodies [22,23]. Several leprosy cases were initially misdiagnosed as cutaneous and diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis, and others required differentiation from conditions such as syphilis and superficial mycoses [10,11,15,17,31]. Here, CD40LG is linked to fungal infectious disease.