It was very interesting to find that the frequencies of both CD4+ as well as CD8+ T cells co-expressing two ICMs together was significantly higher in HIV-TB co-infected individuals in our study, as compared to the HIV mono-infected group, which indicates that Mtb further modulates the upregulated expression of multiple co-inhibitory molecules and pushes the co-infected host further into a deeply immune-compromised state, making a favorable microenvironment for the survival and proliferation of both bugs together. Here, CD8A is linked to tuberculosis.