CD40LG and infection: As shown in Figure 3, in a subgroup analysis of 420 women of reproductive age (mean age = 32.2 years) who underwent serological testing for Parvovirus at our centre in 2024, 17% exhibited both IgG and IgM positivity, consistent with a recent infection, while 47% showed IgG positivity with negative IgM, indicative of a past infection; the remaining 36% were entirely seronegative.