Improved glycemic control modestly in T2D (lowered HbA1c and improved hepatic insulin sensitivity). Primarily used to reduce LDL cholesterol. In NAFLD/NASH: may modestly lower ALT and steatosis in some patients, but results are inconsistent. Has shown anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects in experimental models (via reducing gut LPS signals). Here, INS is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.