TNF and fatty liver disease: This imbalance in altered microbiota composition, combined with other triggers such as increased exposure to air pollution and higher levels of stress, for example, contributes to increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), and lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) drive hyperinsulinemia, adipogenesis, and hepatic steatosis [25,26].