In the T1DM model, following human amniotic mesenchymal stem cell treatment, the abundance of Alcaligenes, Bifidobacterium, and Prevotella increased, promoting the frequency of Th2 and Treg cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes, reducing the frequency of Th1 and Th17 cells, and significantly improving blood glucose and insulin secretion [92]. Here, INS is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.